George Washington University

TRED 256: LINGUISTIC APPLICATIONS

 
 
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Summer 2007

Dr. Jill Robbins & Abbe Spokane

Tuesday/Thusday 6:00-9:00 pm, GECA

See Syllabus for phone #s

Office hours by appointment

email

Course Description
Course Objectives
Text
Course Requirements
Description of Assignments
Session Topics and Reading Assignments
Bridging Concepts
Correlations
Expectations for Technology  Use
Universal Design Principles

Course Description

A study of the science of language (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics) and how its different branches (descriptive, social, applied, etc.) may be used for ESL classroom instruction, material development, evaluation, research, and policy development.

Course Objectives

In this course students will:
1.      Gain an understanding of the core concepts and terminology of descriptive linguistics, including morphology, syntax, semantics, phonetics, and phonology.
2.      Identify and present effective classroom applications of descriptive linguistics concepts.
3.      Investigate the social dimensions of linguistics, including pragmatics, discourse, dialects, gender, language planning and policy, bilingualism, and language in education.
4.      Develop an understanding of the biological foundations of language, including brain lateralization, animal communication, and human and computer language processing.
5.      Conduct a literature review on a linguistics topic related to language instruction.(see attachment for correlation to NCATE/TESOL standards and PRAXIS II test content)

Texts

Fromkin, V. & Rodman, R. An introduction to language, 7th edition. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace.
Biber, D. Longman student grammar of spoken and written English. Pearson ESL; 1st edition
Rickerson, E.M. & Hilton, B. (2006). The Five-Minute Linguist: Bite-sized Essays on Language and Languages; Edited by: E.M. Rickerson, Barry Hilton, Equinox Publishing Ltd (August 18, 2006) ISBN-10: 184553199X, ISBN-13: 978-1845531997  
Optional GRAMMAR TEXT: Biber, D. Longman student grammar of spoken and written English. Pearson ESL; 1st edition  
Supplemental text: Farmer, A. & R. Demers. (2001) A Linguistics Workbook 4th Edition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Course Requirements

Class attendance, punctuality, and active participation in class. One excused absence is allowed. The following assignments are required:

Linguistic exercises & Class Participation (Each student will do 7 exercises; one is presented for 20 points, the other 6 are 5 points each.)
50%
Test on linguistics basics (5 points for good question) 
20%
Group Applications Presentation
30%

Description of Assignments

1.         Linguistic exercises: Questions and problems that provide practice in using basic linguistic information. These can be chosen from the covered chapters or from the copied exercises. Each must be handed in on the day of the topic discussion in class. Come prepared to talk about the exercise you have done. Students will sign up to present an exercise from the text during a particular class session. The exercise answer is to be posted on the class blog, or uploaded to the podcast in the form of a video or audio file. The student presentation should meet the criteria stated in the attached assignment sheet. Each student will complete roughly one exercise per week to be discussed in class. These exercises will be ongoing throughout the course. Active participation in class sessions is expected of all students.

2.         Test on linguistic basics: A short-answer test to assess your understanding of concepts and terminology related to descriptive linguistics (morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, phonetics, phonology). Students will submit a question for this test. This test is designed to prepare you for linguistic questions on the PRAXIS examination. You may re-take the test once if you do not pass. (80% is passing)

3.         Applications presentation: In small groups, you will select a topic addressed in class and prepare a creative presentation on how the topic can be applied in the language classroom. Your presentation should provide a convincing and practical answer to the question: “Why should ESL/FL teachers have to study (your topic) in linguistics?” Topics must be approved by the instructor in advance. Topics may be drawn from the Five-Minute Linguist essays or an area of interest from the main text. (this can be outside of or including the material we read together) See the website for examples of previous presentations. The applications presentation may not be a reading of a paper - use one or more of your multiple intelligences to communicate your ideas! These presentations will occur throughout the course. Each group (2-3 persons) will also develop a lesson plan (using the CALLA model) which can be used to teach a chosen topic in an actual ESL or FL class. The core area of linguistics chosen by the group must be incorporated into the lesson. The group must also create (or reproduce) the materials to be used for the lesson. Finally, the group must teach the lesson to members of the class during the last few weeks of class. Copies of the lesson plan and all written materials are to be provided to each member of the class and to the instructor. It is highly recommended that you get instructor pre-approval of the lesson before you present.

4. Grammar Test: The GSEHD Grammar Test will be administered on August 7 in this class. Students who are not ESL teacher candidates are excused from taking the test; they may come into the class after the test is over (about 7 pm). This test does not count toward the grade for 256.

Resources: An Introduction to Language: IL Talkin’ About Talk/The Five-Minute Linguist: 5min

Session Topics and Reading Assignments

Week

Date

Topic

bookAssignment discussed

1

7/5

Introductions
Overview of the course
What is linguistics?
Why should language teachers study linguistics?
Major subfields of linguistics
IL: Chapter 1
5min: Can you use language to solve a crime?
What does language have to do with national security?
How do you keep languages in a museum?

2

7/10

Grammar Review Organization of presentations Chapter 10: Language in Society (first section 407 - 437) Robin Lakoff video Longman Student Grammar IL: Chapter 10 (407 - 437 only)
5min: Are Dialects Dying in the US?
Do All Southerners Have the Same Dialect?
Is Pidgin English just Bad English?
7/12 The Human Brain and Language (Abbe Spokane) IL: Chapter 2
5min: How many languages is it possible for a person to speak? What don't we know about language?

3

7/17

Morphology (Abbe Spokane) IL: Chapter 3
5min: What was the First Language? Is Sign Language Really a Language?
7/19 Phonetics (Abbe Spokane) IL: Chapter 6
5min: How are the Sounds of Language Made? What is Cajun and where did it come from?

4

7/24

Phonology (Abbe Spokane) IL: Chapter 7
5min: Does Anybody Here Speak Klingon?

7/26

Semantics (p. 186-192)/ Pragmatics (p. 199–207)/Academic Language (Abbe Spokane) IL: Chapter 5 (only p. 186-192 & 199-207)
5min: What does it take to be an interpreter?

5

7/31

Syntax Part 1 p. 115-147 Applications presentations/ Test Questions due IL: Chapter 4 p. 115-147
5min: Do all languages have the same grammar?

8/2

Syntax part 2 p. 147 - 162
Applications Presentations
IL: Chapter 4 147 – 162
5min: #17 What’s the right way to put words together?

6

8/7

Grammar Test
Writing Systems (second part; p. 518-527)Linguistics test (Take home)
Applications Presentations
Grammar text
IL: Chapter 12 (only 518-527)
5min: Is Japanese Worth Studying? Is Chinese the Most Difficult Language in the World?

8/9

Language Processing: Humans and Computer
Applications presentations
IL: Chapter 9
5min: Machine Translation

7

8/14

Wrap up, Applications presentations, Evaluations, Praxis practice 5min: Nominate your favorite!

soccerball

BRIDGING CONCEPTS

The following bridging concepts or overarching themes are central to the new, unified conceptual framework of the School and weave through the mission, goals and initiatives of its strategic plan. These bridging concepts are:

  • Research & Scholarship Research and Scholarship are Prerequisite to the Improvement of Educational Practice.
  • Leadership in the Educational Endeavor Leadership is Critical in the Reform and Redesign of Education and Human Service at all Levels.
  • Building Reflective Practitioners Building Reflective Practitioners Through the Integration of Theory and Practice Needs to be a Focus of All Programs.
  • Service to the Multi cultural, Multinational, and International Community of Diverse learners A Community of Diverse Learners is Prerequisite to Success in the Education and Human Service Professions.

 Correlations

1. Gain an understanding of the core concepts and terminology of descriptive linguistics, including morphology, syntax, semantics, phonetics, and phonology.

1. a. Candidates need a conscious knowledge of language as a system in order to be effective language teachers. Components of the language system include phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, discourse varieties, aspects of social and academic language, rhetorical registers, and writing conventions.

II. Linguistic Theory: Phonology: Phonetic transcriptions; place and manner of articulation; intonation patterns; and stress patterns.

Morphology: knowledge of English morphology; the various types of morphemes such as bound, free, and derivational; morphemes with the same meaning; word stems derived from the same base; and the most commonly used morphemes with appropriate descriptive terminology

Syntax: the English syntactic system; idioms; verb tenses; grammatical transformations; structural changes; nomenclature; and knowledge of the linguistic theories of such figures as Chomsky, Krashen, Asher, and Cummins

2. Identify and present effective classroom applications of descriptive linguistics concepts.

3. a Teachers use their knowledge of language to develop appropriate goals and a wide variety of techniques for teaching ESOL students to listen, speak, read, and write so that students may communicate effectively in English and monitor their own use of language. Candidates serve as good models of language and use a range of instructional approaches in response to learners’ different needs as they pertain to the effective and progressive development of ESL.

I. Analysis of Student Language Production: Analyze speech and pronunciation of nonnative speakers; identify errors in nonnative writing samples

III. Teaching Methods & Techniques: Identifying methods and approaches: identifying the theoretical base, distinct characteristics, and/or order of development, in methods and approaches such as the Direct Method, Total Physical Response, and the Natural Approach, and in classroom orientations such as content-based instruction and notional/functional sequencing.

3.Investigate the social dimensions of linguistics, including pragmatics, discourse, dialects, gender, language planning and policy, bilingualism, and language in education.

2. b. Candidates apply knowledge of language variation, including dialect and gender-based differences, discourse varieties, rhetoric, politeness, humor, and slang.

Sociolinguistics: basic sociolinguistic principles related to language learning, such as word use across dialects; usable levels of words and sentences in the context of different situations; communicative competence; and attitudes toward second language learners

4. Develop an understanding of the biological foundations of language, including brain lateralization, animal communication, and human and computer language processing.

1. b. 9. Candidates understand the ways in which languages are similar and different. Candidates understand the elements of an L2 that tend to be acquired in developmental stages as well as the effect that one’s L1 may have on learning an L2.

Psycholinguistics: basic principles related to second language acquisition, such as interlanguage and overgeneralization; code-switching; patterns in second-language development; student motivation; and self-esteem

5. Conduct a literature review on a linguistics topic related to language instruction.

1. a. 9. Candidates locate and use linguistic resources to learn about the structure of English and of students’ home languages.

Develop an in-depth understanding of Linguistic Theory

V. Professional Issues: Curriculum and materials: recognition of important resources, programs, and professional organizations that are beneficial to teachers of ESOL in the areas of curriculum and materials.


EXPECTATIONS FOR USE OF TECHNOLOGY

computer

The instructional delivery methods include computer display of content and multi-media presentations, and Web 2.0 applications such as blogging and podcasting. There is an expectation that each student will incorporate technology into their presentations, which can include presentation software, video-clips, or on-line links. Students are encouraged to ask for help whenever they need it with technology used in the course. Dr. Robbins loves to teach how to use computers and other technology!

UNIVERSAL DESIGN PRINCIPLESyinyang

         This course integrates the 9 principles of universal design for learning and instruction. The central practical premise of UDL is that a curriculum should include alternatives to make it accessible and appropriate for individuals with different backgrounds, learning styles, abilities, and disabilities in widely varied learning contexts.

Principle 1: Equitable use. Instruction is designed to be useful to and accessible by people with diverse abilities.

Principle 2: Flexibility in use. Instruction is designed to accommodate a wide range of individual abilities, providing choice in methods of use.

Principle 3: Simple and intuitive. Instruction is designed in a straightforward and predictable manner, regardless of the student's experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.

Principle 4: Perceptible information. Instruction is designed so that necessary information is communicated effectively to the student, regardless of ambient conditions or the student's sensory abilities.

Principle 5: Tolerance for error. Instruction anticipates variation in individual student learning pace and prerequisite skills.

Principle 6: Low physical effort. Instruction is designed to minimize nonessential physical effort in order to allow maximum attention to learning.

Principle 7: Size and space for approach and use. Instruction is designed with consideration for appropriate size and space for approach, reach, manipulations, and use regardless of a student's body size, posture, mobility, and communication needs.

Principle 8: A community of learners. The instructional environment promotes interaction and communication among students and between students and faculty.

Principle 9: Instructional climate. Instruction is designed to be welcoming and inclusive and high expectations are espoused for all students (NCSU, Center for Universal Design, 1997)

Linguistic Applications Exercises Rubric
  • Complete one exercise and discuss it with your partner.
  • Post your answer on the blog or upload to the podcast in the form of an enhanced PowerPoint or a video or audio file. For image or other non-text files, email to Jill to post on the class pages.
  • Find at least two outside sources on the topic addressed in the exercise. Summarize these and include your summary in the blog posting.
  • Come to class the night of that chapter prepared to present and discuss your exercise and the supplemental references. Try to come up with an interactive way to help your classmates become engaged with the material and make it more meaningful to them. This can be (but need not necessarily be limited to) having them attempt the exercise, or giving them a similar exercise that you have developed, or doing a survey or quiz or a competition of some kind related to the content.

A short overview of the chapter content places the exercise in context of previously learned material in the course.

An overview of the chapter provides information on the topics covered.

An overview of the chapter states what it covers.

The presenters’ specific area of interest related to the chapter topic is explained and justified.

The presenters explain their specific are of interest.

The presenters state their specific area of interest

The exercise is completed fully and is explained clearly with visual aids. The answer is uploaded to the blog if possible, or sent to the professor for uploading. Similar activities are done with the class.

The exercise is completed fully and explained clearly. Similar activities are done with the class.

The exercise is completed fully by the presenters and discussion with the class is conducted.

Two additional references are given to articles, websites, or books on the topic of the exercise or chapter. The articles are annotated verbally or in writing on the handout.

Two additional references are given related to the topic of the exercise or chapter.

One additional reference is given.

A handout showing references and the answer to the linguistic exercise is given to classmates and emailed to the professor for distribution to absent students.

A handout is given to students with annotated references and the answer to the exercise.

A handout is given with references and the exercise answer.


Feedback & Evaluation form for Linguistic Exercise Presenters:


Class Presentation

Description

SCORE

1.

Chapter Overview

A brief overview of the chapter content places the exercise in context of previously learned material in the course. (no more than 3 mins)

(3)

2.

Specific area of interest

The presenters’ specific area of interest related to the chapter topic is explained and justified.

(2)

3.

Linguistic Exercise

The exercise is completed fully and is explained clearly with visual aids. The answer is uploaded to the blog or podcast if possible, or sent to the professor for uploading. Similar activities are done with the class.

(5)

4.

Additional Resources

Two additional references are given to articles, websites, or books on the topic of the exercise or chapter. The articles are annotated verbally or in writing on the handout.

(5)

5. Handout

A handout showing references and the answer to the linguistic exercise is given to classmates and emailed to the professor for distribution to absent students.

(5)

   

TOTAL ___/ 20

Comments:


Group Application Presentation Evaluation Form

Presenters:


Class Presentation

Description

SCORE

1. Linguistics Topic

Does the presentation answer the question: “Why should ESL/FL teachers have to study the area of linguistics called _________________?” The core area of linguistics chosen by the group is incorporated into the lesson

(10)

2. Lesson Plan

Lesson plan includes objectives, warm-up, introductory activity, developmental activity, guided practice, independent practice, assessment, closure

(10)

3. Handout

Copies of the lesson plan and all materials are provided to each member of the class. Material is uploaded to blog or podcast if possible.

(10)

   

TOTAL ___/ 30

Comments:


 
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